This innovative textbook provides a concise and accessible guide for undergraduate students specializing in children and young people’s nursing in the UK and further afield.
Each chapter has been fully updated to reflect current knowledge and practice. The wide range of topics covered includes all the essentials, such as contemporary child health policy and legal issues; knowledge and skills for practice; and caring for children with special needs. Students will learn how to recognize the deteriorating child, use procedural play and distraction, and consider the mental health of children and young people.
A Textbook of Children's and Young People's Nursing is written by multidisciplinary experts, rooted in child-centred healthcare within a family context, and draws upon best contemporary practice. It is an invaluable resource that will help nursing students provide effective, evidence-based care.
Key points, summary boxes and clearly defined aims, objectives and learning outcomes to support learning Conversation boxes to enliven the text Patient scenarios to relate theory to practice New chapters on skin health and the use of therapeutic play Suggestions for seminar discussion topics to help teachers Resource lists and online resources for further study or research Online slides to complement chapters within book

lgrsnf/15188655.pdf

Edward Alan Glasper; Jim Richardson; Duncan C Randall

Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd

Elsevier Limited (UK)

Elsevier Science Ltd

W B Saunders Co Ltd

United Kingdom and Ireland, United Kingdom

Third edition, Amsterdam, 2021

Front Cover
IFC
Children’s and Young People’s Nursing
Children’s and Young People’s Nursing
Copyright
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
PREFACE
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Dedication
1 - Context of Children’s Nursing Theories and Practices
1 - Historical Perspectives of Children’s Nursing
INTRODUCTION
THE CHANGING CONCEPTS OF CHILDHOOD
West’s Early Life
Charles West’s Quest to Open a Children’s Hospital
Charles West’s Influence on the Development of Children’s Nursing
THE GROWTH OF CHILDREN’S HOSPITALS
EDUCATION OF CHILDREN’S NURSES
CONTEMPORARY CHILDREN’S NURSING IN THE UK
2 - Nursing, Children and Their Childhoods
INTRODUCTION
FAMILY CENTRED CARE
CHALLENGES TO FAMILY CENTRED CARE
NURSING THEORY: SOMETHING BORROWED?
PRAGMATIC CHILDREN’S NURSING
CONCLUSIONS
3 - Contemporary Child Health Policy: The Implications for Children’s Nurses
INTRODUCTION
THE ROLE OF HEALTH POLICY
HEALTH INEQUALITIES
UK POLICY VARIATIONS
OTHER HISTORIC POLICES AND REPORTS
Contemporary Health Care Polices for Children
Our Children Deserve Better: Prevention Pays (Report of the Chief Medical Officer)
Standards for Children With Long-Term Conditions and Disabilities
The National Service Framework for Children, Young People and Maternity Services
What Do the Children and Young Peoples With Complex Health Needs Want for Themselves?
Aiming High for Disabled Children: Better Support for Families HM Treasury; Department for Education and Skills
The Five NICE Quality Statements
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) From the Pond Into the Sea (2014)
Facing the Future: Standards for Children With Ongoing Health Needs
1. Healthy Lives, Healthy People
Helping Parents to Keep Their Children Healthy
Encouraging Healthy Living From an Early Age
Improving the Health Visiting Service
Protecting Through Immunisation
Supporting Mothers and Children With Mental Health Problems
Improving Chances for Children With Vulnerable Mothers
Providing Free School Meals
2. Childhood Obesity: a Plan for Action, a Policy to Tackle the Childhood Obesity Epidemic
Promoting Health Exercise
Reducing Sugar in Food and Drink
Energy Drinks
POLICIES TO IMPROVE THE WAY IN WHICH CHILDREN’S AND YOUNG PEOPLE’S SERVICES IN HOSPITALS ARE INSPECTED BY THE HEALTH CARE REGULA...
Defining Staffing Levels for Children and Young People’s Services. RCN Standards for Clinical Professionals and Service Managers...
British Association of Perinatal Medicine (BAPM) Service Standards for Hospitals Providing Neonatal Care (third edition, 2010)
Intensive Care
High Dependency Care
Special Care
The 15 Steps Challenge
The Care Quality Commission (CQC) Thematic Review on Children and Young People’s Mental Health
Learning From Young People’s Experiences
Where services need to improve. Of the 101 units inspected by the CQC, only one CAMHS specialist service, an inpatient unit, was...
Barriers to high-quality care. The CQC found that a major barrier to the delivery of high-quality care is a lack of accurate dat...
Learning from good and outstanding practice. Perhaps one of the most fundamental aspects of providing good care for children and...
Seeking Family Feedback on Their Experience of Health Care
What Is the Friends and Family Test?
How Does FFT Work?
Using Tops and Pants to Get Feedback From Children and Their Families
DEALING WITH COMPLAINTS
Criteria for Investigating Complaints
CONCLUSION
4 - Contemporary Childhoods and Health
INTRODUCTION
THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
Pre-Sociological
Sociological Childhoods
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CHILDHOOD
The Nature–Nurture Debate
Cognitive Development
Piagetian Perspectives
Sensory Motor Stage: From Birth to Around 2 Years
Preoperational Stage: From Around 2 Years to Around 7 Years
Concrete Operational Stage: From Around 7 Years to Around 11 Years
Formal Operational Stage: From Around 12 Years Onwards
Critiquing Piaget
Carey: ‘Novice to Expert Shift’ Theory
Vygotsky and the ‘Zone of Proximal Development’
LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
The Empiricist Perspective
The Nativist Perspective
The Interactionist Perspective
Practical Applications
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Erik Erikson
Basic trust versus mistrust. Trust is seen as the essential norm of babies’ early experience, in the presence of food, sleep and...
Autonomy versus shame and doubt. The development of control within aspects of the younger child’s world is seen as central to th...
Initiative versus guilt. ‘Initiative’ links in many ways to the notion of autonomy, and characterises development of understandi...
Industry versus inferiority. This stage is seen as concurrent with the school age child and reflects a central focus on learning...
Identity versus role confusion. This fifth, and final childhood stage is characteristic of the adolescent and with the developme...
Sigmund Freud’s Theory of Personality Development
Freudian Stages of Personality Development
MORAL DEVELOPMENT
5 - Physical Growth and Development in Children
INTRODUCTION
PHYSICAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Pattern of Growth
Measuring Growth
Length/Height
Weight
Head Circumference
Surface Area
Skinfold Thickness
Bone Age
Assessment of Growth
Changes in Shape and Proportion
Development
Differences in Rate
Factors Required for the Development of Walking
Developmental Assessment
Onset of Respiration
Circulatory Changes
THE NEWBORN BABY
Measurements
Appearance
The Skin
Genitalia and Breasts
Thermoregulation
Eyes
Hearing
Respiratory System
Cardiovascular System
Renal System
Endocrine System
Gastrointestinal System
Intestine
Absorption of Minerals and Vitamins
Vitamin B is absorbed from the terminal ileum. Iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ascorbic acid, folic acid and water-...
Immunological Adaptations
Reproductive System
Skeletomuscular System
Neurological System
1 MONTH TO 2 YEARS
Aged 1 Month
Posture and Large Movement
Vision and Fine Movement
Hearing and Speech
Social Behaviour and Play
Infant Assessment
Vision
Motor Function
Other Assessments
Age 6 Weeks Upwards
Sleep
Skeletal System
3 Months
Posture and Large Movement
Vision and Fine Movement
Hearing and Speech
Social Behaviour and Play
6 Months
Posture and Large Movement
Vision and Fine Movement
Hearing and Speech
Social Behaviour and Play
8 Months (Fig. 5.28)
Vision
Motor Function
Hearing
1 Year (Fig. 5.31)
Posture and Large Movement
Vision and Fine Movement
Hearing and Speech
Social Behaviour and Play
18 Months
Posture and Large Movement
Vision and Fine Movement
Hearing and Speech
Social Behaviour and Play
The Physiological Changes of a Toddler
Metabolism
Respiratory System
Lymphatics: B and T Cell Systems
Dental Eruption
Salivary Glands
Normal Observations
Respiration
Heart Rate: 3 Months to 2 Years
Temperature
Blood Pressure
GENERAL TRENDS IN HEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN DURING CHILDHOOD
Weight Gain
Height
The Preschool Child
The 2-Year-Old
The 3-Year-Old
The 4-Year-Old
Child Assessment Completed Before 5 Years
PHYSICAL GROWTH FROM 5 YEARS TO ADOLESCENCE
Skeletal Growth
Teeth
Head
Body Mass
Cardiovascular System
Respiratory System
Skin
ADOLESCENCE
Sexual Maturation of Girls
Development of the Breasts (Fig. 5.63)
Sexual Maturation of Boys
The Adolescent Growth Spurt
6 - Death and Dying in Childhood
INTRODUCTION
CHILDREN’S CONCEPTS OF DEATH
THEORIES OF GRIEF IN CHILD LOSS
What Is Unique About a Death of a Child? Parental Grief
Siblings, Grief
Children’s Understanding of Death
7 - Ethical and Legal Aspects of Child Health Care
INTRODUCTION
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child State’s Report (2016) and Activity
1. Autonomy
2. Beneficence
3. Non-Maleficence
4. Justice
Advocacy
Conducting Research and Protecting the Rights of Children and Their Families
Who Is a Child?
Who Has Parental Responsibility?
Decision-Making Regarding Children
Consent to Treatment
Obtaining Valid Consent
The Giving of Consent by a Competent Person
The infant or very young child
The school-age child
The mature minor under 16 years old
The 16–17-year-old child
The parent of questionable competency
Freely given consent
Informed consent
REFUSAL OF TREATMENT
Refusal by Parents
Refusal by Children
The Mentally Ill Child
END-OF-LIFE ISSUES
Conflict Between Parents and Doctors
Good Care and Communication Seem Vital to Prevent Conflicts
Conflict Between Parents
CONSENT TO NON-THERAPEUTIC, CONTROVERSIAL OR EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT
NEGLIGENCE
Duty of Care
Breach of the Standard of Care
Causation of Foreseeable Harm
Vicarious Liability
Limitations for Legal Actions
Duty of Candour
CRIMINAL LIABILITY
Gross Negligence Manslaughter
Murder
Deliberate Harm by Parents, Carers or Others
2 - Promote, Restore and Stabilise Health Status in Children: A Systems Approach to Childhood Conditions, Disease and Disability
8 - Inherited Conditions and the Family
THE IMPACT OF GENETIC DISEASE ON FAMILY LIFE
Accepting the Condition
Manage the Condition on a Day-to-Day Basis
Meet the Normal Developmental Needs of the Child
Meet the Developmental Needs of Other Family Members
Cope With Continuous Stress and Periodic Crises
Managing the Family’s Feelings
Educate Others
Establish a Support System
IT RUNS IN THE FAMILY: THE ROLE OF GENETIC FACTORS IN DISEASE
Genes
Genes are made up of DNA
Alterations to the Genetic Make-Up
How Genes Are Passed on Through Families
DNA Is Packaged Into Chromosomes
Genetic Testing
GENETICS REFERRAL AND THE FAMILY JOURNEY: THE ROLE OF THE CHILDREN’S NURSE
NURSE EDUCATION AND STANDARDS IN GENETICS/ GENOMIC
ETHICAL ISSUES FOR CHILDREN’S NURSES
9 - Contemporary Issues in Genomics and Other ‘Omic’ Technologies for Children’s Nursing: An Introduction
Implications for Health Care
New Disease Classifications
Earlier Detection
Opportunities for Prevention
Better Targeted and More Effective Treatments
New Types of Treatment
MAINSTREAMING GENOMICS IN PAEDIATRIC CARE. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR CHILDREN’S NURSING?
MAKING IT POSSIBLE – GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES
Identifying Changes in the Human Genome
Other Clinical Applications of DNA Technologies
Tumour Profiling
Testing of Cell Free DNA (cfDNA) Circulating in a Person’s Blood
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT). Cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) can be detected in the maternal circulation from early pregna...
Identifying Variants Associated With Common Conditions, Response to Medication and Other Human Traits
Using DNA-Based Technology to Reduce and Remove Disease
Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis and nuclear transfer. Although prenatal genetic testing of at-risk pregnancies in families wi...
Gene editing CRISPR-Cas9. Alongside many studies and clinical trials to use gene-based therapies to overcome genetic disease, th...
PHARMACOGENOMICS
OTHER ‘OMIC’ TECHNOLOGIES
Transcriptomics
Proteomics
Metabolomics
Microbial Genomics – the Human Microbiome and Diagnostic Pathogen Genomics
EPIGENOMICS
How Do Epigenetic Modifications Work? Health and Ill-health
Developmental Delay
Cancer
Early Programming, Intergenerational Transmission, Social Epigenetics and Reprogramming – Implications for Future Generations
ETHICAL ISSUES AND CHALLENGES TO DELIVERING GENOMIC HEALTH CARE
Interpretation and Use of Data
Sequencing – Just Because We Can, Does It Mean We Should?
SO WHAT DOES ALL THIS MEAN FOR CHILDREN’S NURSES?
10 - Homeostasis and the Deteriorating Child
INTRODUCTION
REGULATION OF HOMEOSTASIS
Feedback Mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Homeostatic Mechanisms
Diffusion
Active Transport
Osmosis, Osmotic Pressure and Osmoregulation
Exocytosis, Endocytosis and Pinocytosis
Production of Energy
Cell Respiration
Gastrointestinal System
Intracellular Fluid
Extracellular Fluid
Amino Acid Metabolism
Respiratory System and Acid Base Balance
Acid Base Balance
Base Excess
Thermoregulation
Endocrine System
Control of Glucose
Fluid Control
Renal System
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
Aldosterone
Angiotensin
Antidiuretic Hormone
Assessment of the Patient
Situational Awareness
Human Factors
Barriers to Detection and Recognition of the Deteriorating child
Care of the Deteriorating Child
11 - Respiratory Illness in Children
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract
Lung Volumes
Nervous Control of Breathing
RESPIRATORY ASSESSMENT AND EXAMINATION OF THE CHEST
A: Airway
B: Breathing
Respiratory Rate
C: Circulation
Vital Signs
Blood Pressure (Table 11.5)
Skin Perfusion and Body Temperature
D: Disability
Summary
RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Whooping Cough
Specific treatment. The management of whooping cough includes administration of antimicrobial therapy, if the onset of cough is ...
Croup Syndromes
Characteristics of croup. Croup is usually preceded by an upper respiratory tract infection
Specific treatment
Epiglottitis
Specific treatment. If epiglottitis is suspected, then emergency intubation should be performed to protect the airway, ideally i...
Apnoea
Aspirated Foreign Body
Specific treatment. A bronchoscopy under general anaesthetic to remove the foreign body is required. It is important that this i...
Bronchiolitis
Specific treatment
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Pneumonia
Bronchopneumonia
Lobar pneumonia
Specific Treatment
Tuberculosis
ASTHMA
Characteristics of Severe Asthma
Characteristics of Life-Threatening Asthma
Principles of Asthma Management
DISCUSSION OF THE SCENARIOS
Bronchiolitis Scenario: Emma
Asthma Scenario: Jason
12 - Caring for Children and Young People With Cardiovascular Problems
INTRODUCTION
The Developing Atria and Atrial Septation
The Developing Ventricles and Ventricular Septation
The Development of the Valves
Chamber and Vessel Concordance
Developmental Anatomy and Physiology of the Cardiovascular System
The Normal Cardiovascular System
The Pericardium
The Myocardium
The Endocardium
The Cardiac Cycle
Congenital Heart Disease
Acyanotic Heart Defects
Cyanotic Defects
Inherited Heart Disease
Acquired Heart Disease
Heart Failure
Diagnostic Assessment and Management of the Child
Initial Diagnosis
History Taking, Assessment and Investigations
Chest Radiography
Electrocardiography
Echocardiography
Cardiac Catheterisation
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nursing Care Considerations
Rest
Pain
Nutrition and Hydration
Wound healing
Pharmaceutical Interventions
Emotional Support and Family Centred Care
13 - Children’s Liver Disease
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS OF LIVER DISEASE
Jaundice
Coagulopathy
Hepatic Encephalopathy
Portal Hypertension
Ascites
CHILDHOOD LIVER DISEASES
Acute Liver Failure
Management
Liver Disease in Infancy
Biliary Atresia
Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Alagille Syndrome
Liver Disease in Older Children and Adolescents
Chronic Viral Hepatitis
Autoimmune Liver Disease
Wilson Disease
Cystic Fibrosis-Related Liver Disease
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Liver Tumours
Benign Tumours
Hepatoblastoma
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
LIVER TRANSPLANTATION
Types of Transplant
Management
Transition
14 - Renal Conditions in Childhood
NEPHROTIC SYNDROME
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Things to Consider
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
WILMS TUMOUR (NEPHROBLASTOMA)
Genetic Alterations
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Things to Consider
ACUTE KIDNEY INJURY
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Signs and Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Growth Impairment
Anaemia
Hypertension
Mineral and Bone Disorder
Metabolic Acidosis
Dialysis
TRANSPLANT
15 - Caring for Children With Non-Malignant Haematological Disorders of Childhood
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OFTHE HAEMATOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Haemopoiesis
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes
Thrombocytes
Coagulation
INTERPRETATION OF BLOOD RESULTS
Full Blood Count
Bone Marrow Aspiration
Clotting Screen
Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes
Haemoglobinopathy
Bleeding Disorders
Platelet Disorders
Functional abnormalities. These are platelet disorders with normal platelet numbers but abnormal function and can be minor causi...
Coagulation Disorders
Bone Marrow Failure
Specific Treatment
HAEMOGLOBINOPATHY
Sickle Cell Disease
Characteristics of Sickle Cell Crisis
Specific Treatment
THALASSAEMIA
Specific Treatment
BLEEDING DISORDERS
Characteristics of Bleeding Disorders
Specific Treatment
Mouth bleeds
BONE MARROW TRANSPLANTATION
DISCUSSION OF THE SCENARIOS
Haemophilia Scenario: John
Sickle Scenario: Jennifer
16 - Caring for a Child With a Neurological Disorder
INTRODUCTION
Development of the Nervous System
Cells of the Nervous System and Their Function
Anatomy of the Brain
The Ventricular System
Blood Supply
Protection and Coverings
Neuron Regeneration
NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS IN CHILDREN
Principles of Caring for a Child With a Cerebral Dysfunction
Diagnostic Procedures
Raised Intracranial Pressure
Neurological Assessment
Assessment of Consciousness
Motor Function
Pupil Reactions
Vital Signs
Care of the Unconscious Child
Nursing Care of the Child Undergoing Neurosurgery
Neurodisability
Emotional and Psychological Needs of the Child and Family
Overview and Principles of Managing Selected Neurological Conditions in Childhood
Brain Tumours
Aetiology
Epidemiology of Common Brain Tumours in Children (Johnson et al., 2014)
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Management of Children With Brain Tumours
Long-Term Outcomes
Craniosynostosis
Aetiology
Presentation
Treatment and Management Options
Long-Term Outcomes
Epilepsy
Aetiology
Classification
Presentation and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management Options
Long-Term Outcomes
Hydrocephalus
Aetiology
Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Long-Term Outcomes
Traumatic Brain Injury
Aetiology
Classification
Presentation
Treatment and Management
Long-Term Outcomes
17 - Children and Young People With Complex Motor Disability
INTRODUCTION
Definition of Complex Motor Disability
Leading Causes of Motor Disability
Medical and Social Models of Disability
The World Health Organization and Disability
Cerebral Palsy Registers
The Impact of Having a Child With Complex Motor Disability
Aim of Services
FAMILIES’ EXPERIENCES OF SERVICES
What Families Want From Services
Setting Standards: the Children’s National Service Framework
Mobility
Nursing Assessment of Mobility
Nursing Interventions in Mobility
Eating and Drinking
Nursing Assessment in Eating and Drinking
Nursing Interventions in Eating and Drinking
What this paper adds
Communication
Nursing Assessment in Communication
Nursing Interventions in Communication
18 - Caring for Children and Young People With Orthopaedic Disorders
BONE BIOLOGY
The Function of the Skeletal System
Bone Structure
Bone Growth, Formation and Resorption
Fracture Repair and Bone Healing
Joints
Skeletal Muscle
FRACTURES
Types of Fracture
Other Descriptions of Fractures
Fracture Complications
Neurovascular Observations
Treatment of Fractures
Methods of Holding Fractures
Plaster Casts
Plaster casts – nursing care. Wright (2014) considered the following when caring for an inpatient with a plaster cast
Plaster casts – observations
Plaster casts – cast bracing. Cast bracing is commonly used following internal fixation of a femoral or tibial fracture. The cas...
TRACTION
Nursing Care of the Child on Traction
The Position of the Patient
Bandages
Internal Fixation
External Fixation
POLYTRAUMA
Structured APLS and ATLS Approach
Initial Assessment (Primary Survey) and Resuscitation
Secondary Survey
Orthopaedic Definitive Care in Polytrauma
OSTEOGENESIS IMPERFECTA
Description
Treatment
Medical Management
Surgical Management
Nursing Care
DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP
Description
Treatment
Conservative
Surgical
Hygiene
Sleeping
Transport
Eating and Drinking
Clothing
Play
TALIPES (CLUBFOOT)
Description
Treatment
Conservative Treatment
Surgical Treatments
PERTHES DISEASE
Treatment
Conservative/Surgical Treatment
DISCHARGE PLANNING
19 - Caring for Children With Infection and Altered Immune Responses
INTRODUCTION
Innate Immune System
The Skin
Mucosal Surfaces
Respiratory Tract
Gastrointestinal Tract
Urogenital Tract
INFLAMMATION
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
Sepsis
THE ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
Primary and Secondary Response to Infection
Alterations in the Immune Response
The Immune System and Transplantation
CONCLUSION
20 - Caring for Children With Diabetes and Other Endocrine Disorders
Endocrine System
The Hypothalamus
Pituitary Gland
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Disorders Affecting the Pituitary Gland
Hypopituitarism
Hyperpituitarism
Precocious Puberty
Disorders of Thyroid Function
Hypothyroidism
Acquired Juvenile Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Disorders of Adrenal Function
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Chronic Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Acute Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Adrenal Crisis)
Cushing Syndrome
Primary Hyperaldosteronism
Phaeochromocytoma
The Gonads: Ovaries and Testes
DIABETES MELLITUS
Pathophysiology
TYPE 1 DIABETES
Diagnosis
Initial Care and Management
Diet
Exercise
Needle Phobia
Blood Glucose Monitoring
HbA1c
Urinary and Blood Ketone Testing
Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Characteristics of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Diagnosis of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Initial Management of DKA
Goals of Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis
Nursing Care
Cerebral Oedema
Hypoglycaemia
Signs and Symptoms
Treatment of Mild/Moderate Hypoglycaemia
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Management Strategies
Monogenic Diabetes
Insulin Pump Therapy
Suitability for Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion
Long-Term Complications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Young People and Type I Diabetes
Mental Health and Diabetes
Transition to Adult Services
Child and Family Education
Central Role of the Nurse
DISCUSSION OF THE SCENARIOS
Kate: Graves’ Disease
Kate’s Specific Care Requirements
21 - Caring for Children With Gastrointestinal Problems
VOMITING
Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux
Aetiology
Diagnosis
Management
DIARRHOEA: ACUTE AND CHRONIC
Acute Infectious Diarrhoea
Causative Organisms
MALABSORPTION AND FOOD ALLERGIES
Cystic Fibrosis
Aetiology
Respiratory Function
Gastrointestinal Function
Diagnosis
Management
Coeliac Disease
Aetiology and Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Complications/Related Problems
Food Allergies Versus Intolerance
Cow’s Milk Allergy
Aetiology
Diagnosis
Management
Lactose Intolerance
Pathophysiology
Diagnosis
Management
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Aetiology
Diagnosis
Management
Constipation
Diagnosis
Management
22 - Caring for Children With Genitourinary Problems
URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS
Susceptibility to Urinary Tract Infection
Signs and Symptoms of a Urinary Tract Infection
Diagnosis
Collecting Urine
Urine Testing
Treatment/Management
Nursing Considerations
Investigations
Things to Consider
VESICOURETERIC REFLUX
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Follow-Up
HYPOSPADIAS
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Postoperative Care
Things to Consider
CRYPTORCHIDISM
Diagnosis
Treatment/Management
Things to Consider
PHIMOSIS AND CIRCUMCISION
Cultural Circumcision
Prophylaxis
Treatment/Management
23 - Skin Disease in Children and Young People
INTRODUCTION
BIOLOGY OF THE SKIN
Structure
Epidermis
Basal Cell Layer (Stratum Basale)
Prickle Cell Layer (Stratum Spinosum)
Granular Cell Layer (Stratum Granulosum)
Horny Layer (Stratum Corneum)
Dermis
Subcutaneous Layer
Embryology of the Skin
Derivatives of Skin
Terminology
Examination of the Skin
COMMON SKIN INFECTIONS
Impetigo
Non-bullous Secondary Impetigo
Bullous Impetigo
Diagnosis
Management
Panton Valentine Leucocidin Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infection
Management
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
Management
FUNGAL INFECTIONS
Tinea Capitis
Kerions
Diagnosis
Management
Practical Advice
VIRAL INFECTIONS
Molluscum Contagiosum
Treatment
Herpes Simplex
Complications
Management
Anogenital Warts
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease
Chickenpox (Varicella Zoster)
Management
Complications
INFESTATIONS
Scabies
Diagnosis
Treatment
ECZEMA
Lichenfication or thickening, extensor surface rather than flexural eczema and discoid, follicular and papular patterns of eczem...
Assessment of eczema severity
Triggers
Treatment
Emollients
Topical Corticosteroids
How to use TCS
Additional Management Options
Calcineurin Inhibitors
Antihistamines
Silk Garments
Complementary Therapy
Skin Infections
Food Allergies and Dietary Management
School
Severe Eczema
Education and Information
Resources
National Eczema Society
PSORIASIS
Presentation
Management
Topical
Phototherapy
Conventional Systemic Therapy
Biologics
Psychological
ACNE VULGARIS
Management
Topical Treatments
Oral Antibiotics
Hormonal Therapies
Isotretinoin
Side effects. Side effects are significant and require detailed discussion with patients (Penzer, 2010)
General Advice for Skin Care (BAD, 2020b)
INFANTILE HAEMANGIOMAS
Ulceration
Functional Impairment
Breathing
Feeding
Ear
Disfigurement
Management
Oral Propranolol
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA
Care of the EB Newborn and Infant
Feeding
Handling
Chronic Issues
Patient Support Organisation
THE ICHTHYOSES
Collodion Baby
Classification (see Table 23.6)
Management of Newborn Collodion Baby and Harlequin Ichthyosis
Ichthyosis Support Group
3 - Negotiation of Care
24 - Recognising and Responding to Child Maltreatment: The Role of the Children’s Nurse
INTRODUCTION
Fabricated or Induced Illness
Understanding Risk Factors in Child Maltreatment
Interventions That Support Children and Their Families to Reduce the Risk of Child Maltreatment
Serious Case Reviews
Professional Role and Accountability
Legislation and Policy
Consent to Share Information When You Suspect a Child Is Being Maltreated
Consent to Treatment
Making a Good Quality Referral to Other Agencies
Adults – Vulnerable Adults and Parental Capacity
Talking About Child Maltreatment Concerns and Child Protection Processes
Strategic Challenges to Safeguarding
Emotional Challenges in Child Protection Work
Emotional Resilience
Supervision
Forced Labour, Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
Organ Trafficking
War Zones, Torture, Rape and Terrorism
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting
County Lines, Violence and Gangs
Breast Ironing
Forced Marriage
‘Honour’ Based Violence
CONCLUSION
25 - Cultural Aspects of Children’s Nursing
Ethnocentrism
Stereotyping
Culture Shock
Cultural Assessment
Communication
Space
Social Organisation
Time
Environmental Control
Biological Control
Unconscious Bias
26 - Empowering Children and Young People and Families in Health Care
INTRODUCTION
EMPOWERMENT
Policy Perspectives of Empowerment of CYP
SECTION ONE
Rationales for Empowering Children’s Participation in Their Health Care
Barriers Affecting CYP Empowerment in Their Own Health Care
Empowering CYP to Undertake Self-Management and Transitioning to Adult Health Care Services
Overcoming Barriers to CYP Involvement in Their Health Care: Information Provision and Communication
Providing Information About Hospital Experiences to CYP
Preadmission to Hospital
On Admission to Hospital
During the Hospital Stay
After Discharge From Hospital
Producing Local Patient Information Leaflets
Improving the Quality of Health Information Leaflets
Overcoming Barriers to Children’s Involvement in Their Health Care: The Role of the School in Promoting Health Literacy
SECTION 2
Empowering CYP Involvement in Commissioning Health Care Services
Policies/Resources That Facilitate CYP Empowerment and Implementation of Their Perspectives in Health Care Service Designs
NHS England Youth Forums
Barriers to CYP Involvement in Health Care Service Designs
SECTION 3
Empowering CYP and Families/Carers to Be Involved in the Education of Children’s Nurses
Barriers and Facilitators to CYP Involvement in Children’s Nursing Education
CONCLUSION
27 - Assessing, Planning, Evaluating and Recording Nursing Care for Children and Young People in Partnership
INTRODUCTION
THE NATURE OF ASSESSMENT
ASSESSMENT AND PLANNING IN CONTEXT
The Application of the Nursing Process to the Process of Assessment
Using Nursing Models to Undertake a Child Assessment
The Activities of Daily Living (Henderson)
The Activities of Daily Living (Roper, Logan and Tierney)
Three Pillars of Conducting an Assessment
Using Specific Tools to Help Assess Sick Children
Formulating a Care Plan
Developing a Care Plan
Supporting Decision Making
Benefits of Care Plans
The Focus of Assessment
Implementing Nursing Care
Evaluating Care
Clinical Reasoning
Context for Care
Partnership Principles Applied to Assessing and Planning Care
Orem’s Universal Self-Care Requisites
Negotiated Roles
Tools and Methods for Focused Assessment
Evaluation and Outcomes
Information Management and Keeping Accurate Records
Information Governance
CONCLUSION
28 - The Management of Pain in Children and Young People
INTRODUCTION
THE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF PAIN
Self-Report of Pain
Behavioural Indicators of Pain
Physiological Indicators of Pain
Using Validated Pain Assessment Tools With Children/Young People of All Ages
The Importance of Documenting Pain Assessment Scores
Managing Procedural Pain in Children: Key Components
Preparing the Child
Preparing and Involving Parents
Positioning the Child
Using Distraction and Other Psychological Pain-Relieving Interventions
Using Topical Anaesthesia
Sucrose and Breastmilk for Children Aged 0–12 Months
Summary: Managing Procedural Pain in Children and Young People
Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Ibuprofen
Diclofenac
Naproxen
Selective-COX-2 Inhibitors
Paracetamol
Opioids
Codeine
Tramadol
Morphine
Oxycodone
What Is Chronic Pain?
How Common Is Chronic Pain in Children and Young People?
Causes of Chronic Pain
Factors Triggering and Maintaining Chronic Pain
Management of Chronic Pain in Children and Young People
Physical and Psychological Methods of Pain Relief
Physical pain-relieving interventions. Chronic pain often leads children/young people to avoid physical activities because of fe...
Psychological therapies. Many psychological therapies are used to manage chronic pain in children/young people. Often these ther...
Sleep hygiene. Sleep disturbances are common in children/young people with chronic pain (Evans et al., 2017). Young people with ...
Complementary health approaches (CAH) and integrative medicine. The National Centre for Complementary and Integrative Health in ...
Pharmacological Interventio

2025-01-29