Rumiko Shinzato and Leon A. Serafim bring a new dimension to 'kakari musubi' (a type of focus construction, henceforth KM) research, incorporating Japanese and Western linguistic theories, and synthesizing Okinawan and Japanese scholarship. Specifically, they analyze still-extant Okinawan KM in comparative perspective with its now extinct Japanese counterpart, while also offering reconstructed Proto-Japonic forms. Major hypotheses on the origins and demise of KM with insight from Okinawan are also evaluated. In addition, viewing KM as consisting of 'kakari' particle + nominalized 'musubi' predicate, they compare KM with its structural analogs, such as (1) Modern Japanese no-da, (2) its corollary in Japanese Western Periphery dialects, and (3) English it-clefts. Finally, the authors apply iconicity-based analyses and grammaticalization theory, interpreting correspondences between deictic-origin particles, which are shared, their epistemically unique musubi forms, and their respective functions

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Rumiko Simonds

Global Oriental

Languages of Asia series, Volume 11, Leiden, Netherlands, 2013

Netherlands, Netherlands

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Synchrony and Diachrony of Okinawan Kakari Musubi in Comparative Perspective With Premodern Japanese 3
Copyright 4
Table of contents 7
Preface 11
List of abbreviations and Conventions 14
1 Introduction 21
1 Corpora used in this book 22
2 Overview of kakari musubi (= KM) 23
3 Issues in kakari musubi in Japanese 32
4 Goals of this study 34
5 Organization of the subsequent chapters 36
2 Question-forming Kakari Musubi 37
1 OJ |ka| and |ya| 43
1.1 Self-inquiry vs. other-inquiry 43
1.2 Uncertainty vs. Certainty (Ohno’s account) 49
1.3 Inferential auxiliaries and two varieties of |ka|-type KM 54
1.4 Scope, type (wh vs. yes/no), and conjugational forms of questions 60
1.5 Historical development of |ka| and |ya| 64
2 Okinawan |ga| and |yi| 69
2.1 Overview 69
2.2 Our analysis 76
3 Reconstructing the PJ etymon for |ka| & |ga| 91
3.1 The same source, or separate developments? 91
3.2 The Proto-Japonic forms 93
3.3 Development to OJ 95
3.4 Development to OOk 96
4 Reconstructing the PJ etyma for |ya| & |yi| 100
4.1 The same source, or different developments? 100
4.2 The Proto-Japonic form 101
4.3 Development to OJ 107
4.4 Development to OOk 108
5 Summary 109
3 Assertion-Forming Kakari Musubi 111
1 OJ |zo|, |namu|, and |koso| 114
1.1 OJ |zo|, |namu|, and |koso| in comparative perspective 114
1.2 Demise of Japanese KM with |zo|, |namu|, and |koso| 123
2 Ok |do| and |su| in comparative perspective 125
2.1 Ok |do| 125
2.2 Ok |su| 131
2.3 Parallel functional differences: Ok |do|/|su| vs. OJ |zo|/|koso| 139
2.4 On new issues 141
2.5 On k‘usyee of Nakijin dialect 149
3 Reconstructing the PJ form for OJ |zo| and OOk |do| 153
3.1 Establishing common genetic origin based on function,musubi conjugational form, and phonological correspondences 153
3.2 The Proto-Japonic form 157
3.3 Development to OJ 161
3.4 Development to OOk 161
4 Reconstructing the PJ forms for OJ kösö and Pre- OOK *swo 163
4.1 Establishing common genetic origin based on function,musubi conjugational form, and phonological correspondences 163
4.2 The PJ forms 164
4.2.1 Reconstruction of the IZ 164
4.2.2 Reconstruction of the Proto-Ryukyuan KP *-swo from OOk (OS) -si ~ -syu 170
4.2.3 Reconstruction of Proto- Japonic form *kö#swo 175
4.3 Development to OJ 183
4.4 Development to OOk 183
5 On OJ |namu| and its non-existence in OOk 184
6 Summary 186
4 Different Developments of Kakari Musubi in Japanese and okinawan 188
1 KM constructions in the history of Japanese 190
1.1 Overview 190
1.2 Hypotheses pertaining to causes of demise 190
1.3 After KM: Functional continuity 199
2 KM constructions in the history of Okinawan 203
2.1 Overview 203
2.2 Hypotheses concerning preservation and demise of Ok KM 204
2.2.1 |do| type KM and |ga| type KM 204
2.2.2 |su| type KM 208
2.3 Our account 209
2.4 Revisiting the demise of Japanese KM with insight from Okinawan 220
3 W. Yamaguchi and Kyushu dialects in comparative perspective with Ok |su| 222
3.1 Overview 222
3.2 Nominalizers in W. Yamaguchi and Kyushu 224
3.3 The progenitor of the three nominalizers 228
3.4 Why -so/-to? Why not genitives? 231
4 Japanese |noda| and Ok KM and related constructions 235
4.1 Developmental path of |noda| 236
4.2 NOk -syi + yaN, a candidate for the equivalent to Jp |noda| 240
4.3 |noda|, OJ |zo|, and Ok |do| with regard to relationships of scope and function 243
5 Summary 249
5 KM in theoretical perspective 251
1 Four major hypotheses 252
1.1 Inversion hypothesis 253
1.2 Insertion hypothesis 255
1.3 Nomura’s biclausal hypothesis 258
1.4 Quinn’s biclausal hypothesis 262
2 The four major hypotheses in light of Ok KM 264
2.1 Arguments against inversion hypothesis 264
2.2 Evaluating the insertion hypothesis 268
2.3 Evaluating Nomura’s biclausal hypothesis 273
2.4 Evaluating Quinn’s hypothesis 274
3 A typology of KM 276
3.1 Origins of KPs 276
3.2 Kakari particles and their respective functions 278
3.3 Demonstrative systems 279
3.3.1 OJ demonstrative system 279
3.3.2 OOk Demonstrative System 281
3.4 Conjugational forms 290
3.4.1 Realis vs. irrealis 290
3.4.2 Non-inferential RT vs. inferential RT 292
3.4.3 Inferential RT (-amu) vs. inferential IZ (-amey) in OJ 293
3.4.4 Inferential RT (-a) vs. inferential IZ (-ami) in OOk 294
4 KP particles and their respective functions: An iconicity-based account 296
4.1 Correspondences of KP origin, form, function, and meaning 296
4.2 An iconicity-based account 299
5 Summary 304
6 Conclusion and Prospects 307
References 319
Index 343

2024-06-27